How to evaluate the success of a DSS-induced colitis model

How to evaluate the success of a DSS-induced colitis model

Features of the UC model

By giving animals free to drink different concentrations of DSS (MW: 36000~50000) aqueous solution, two models of acute and chronic colitis can be made according to the medication time and medication cycle. The symptoms of this model are very similar to those of human UC, mainly manifested as diarrhea, mucous stool, fecal occult blood, gross bloody stool, weight loss, reduced mobility, and deterioration of coat color.

 Table 1 Histological characteristics of the DSS colitis model

DSS Colitis Model Category

Acute phase colitis model

A model of chronic phase colitis

Histological changes

The colon is congested, edema, shortened, brittle, and the weight-to-length ratio increases

The colon is markedly shortened

 

Colon ulcers of varying severity

Thickening of mucous membranes and swollen lymph nodes

 

Mucosal edema, absence of goblet cells, and swelling and destruction of crypts

Absence of goblet cells, absence of crypts

 

There are varying degrees of inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial cell damage in the mucosa and submucosa

A small percentage of animals have adenomatous polyps and tumor-like changes

How do you evaluate the success of modeling?

 1.Disease Activity Index, DAI score

    The evaluation and scoring were carried out from three aspects, namely weight, fecal viscosity, fecal occult blood and other indicators, and the DAI score was the sum of the three indicators.

    Table 2 DAI scoring rules

    Score

    Percentage weight loss

    Stool viscosity

    Fecal occult blood

    0

    0

    normal

    Negative

    1

    1-5%

    Soft stools

    Blue

    2

    5-10%

    Mucous stools

    blue

    3

    10-20%

    Loose liquid stools

    deepblue

    4

    ＞20%

    /

    Bloody stool to the naked eye
    2. Histological change score

    The histological change score is the sum of the above indicators, and lymph node formation is not scored in the acute colitis model. The standard method for histological analysis is HE staining.

    Table 3 Histological change score

    Score

    Ulcers (pcs)

    Epithelial cell changes

    Inflammatory infiltration

    Lymph nodes

    0

    0

    normal

    None

    None

    1

    1

    Goblet cells are missing

    Pericrypt infiltrates

    1

    2

    2

    Large area of goblet cells is missing

    Muscularis mucosa is infiltrated

    2

    3

    3

    Absence of crypts

    Muscularis mucosa is generally infiltrated and the mucosa is thickened

    3

    4

    ＞3

    Large loss of crypts or polyp-like regeneration

    Submucosal infiltrates

    ＞3
    3. Colon length

      In the acute colitis model, a reduction in colonic length was detected on day 8; In the chronic colitis model, the shortening of colon length is more pronounced.

      4. Summary

        It is recommended that 8-10 samples per group should be pre-experimented and a control group should be set up. Weight loss, loose stools, diarrhea, bloody or fecal occult blood, and ulcers are usually considered to be effective with DSS and successful modeling.

        FAQ

        Regardless of whether the acute DSS colitis model or the chronic DSS colitis model, the severity and success of enteritis were related to the mouse species (different gene backgrounds), DSS concentration, and administration cycle.

        Table 4 Common problems of DSS colitis modeling

        Problems

        Possible causes

        Solution

        High lethality in mice

        The concentration of DSS is too high

        Reduce the concentration of DSS administration

        Mice have no symptoms of enteritis or symptoms of hypoenteritis

        The DSS concentration is too low

        increase the concentration of DSS administration; Reduced cycle time (10-14 days)

        In the same group of mice, the symptoms of enteritis were very different

        Clogged caps

        Check the mouse drinking bottles daily

        High-quality, high-success model of animal enteritis with Yeasen dextran sulfate sodium salt

        DSS (Cat.NO: 60316ES, MW: 36000~50000) is widely used in the construction of UC model. We found that the molding time of acute colitis was mainly concentrated in about 7 days, and the effect was very significant.

        1. Features

        1) The symptoms are highly similar to those of human UC: it can be used to study the mechanism and efficacy of colitis.

        2) High mold rate: free to drink DSS aqueous solution, simple and easy to do, strong repeatability.

        3) A variety of colitis models can be constructed: acute colitis, chronic colitis, and colitis-related cancer (CAC) models can also be constructed in combination with AOM.

        4) It is suitable for modeling a variety of animals: mice, rats, zebrafish, pigs, fruit flies, etc.

        5) High safety: DSS can be degraded by natural ecosystems and is safe for the environment;

        6) High purity: high purity (98%), sulfur content 17-19%;

        1. Modeling cases

        Case 1, compared with the control group, the treatment group had obvious intestinal ulcers after 7 days, and the inflammation infiltrated the intestines.

        Case 2, compared with the control group, the intestinal mucosa was destroyed, the tissue edema and congestion were damaged, and the glandular structure was damaged after 7 days.

        Advantages

        Yeasen Biotech provides high-quality DSS (Cat.NO: 60316ES, MW: 36000~50000), which has the following advantages:

        1. The symptoms are highly similar to those of human UC: it can be used to study the mechanism and efficacy of colitis.
        2. High mold forming rate: free to drink DSS aqueous solution, simple and easy to do, strong repeatability.
        3. A variety of colitis models can be constructed: acute colitis, chronic colitis, and colitis-related cancer (CAC) models can also be constructed in combination with AOM.
        4. Suitable for modeling a variety of animals: mice, rats, zebrafish, pigs, fruit flies, etc.
        5. High safety: DSS can be degraded by natural ecosystems, which is safe for the environment;
        6. High purity (>98%), sulfur content 17-19%, free sulfur <0.2%, supported by a large number of data literature, widely used in the construction of UC model;
        7. Combined with the use of Azoximetana(Aum), it can be used to induce colitis-related cancer (Colidis, Asochatate Kanse, Ka) animal model, successfully simulating the process of Ibud inducing Kachi.

        Published articles with our reagents (incomplete statistics)

        [1] Zhong D, Jin K, Wang R, Chen B, Zhang J, Ren C, Chen X, Lu J, Zhou M. Microalgae-Based Hydrogel for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Associated Anxiety and Depression. Adv Mater. 2024 Jan 26: e2312275. doi: 10.1002/adma.202312275. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38277492.  (IF: 29.4)

        [2] Li Zhao, Fei Wang,Zhengwei Cai,et al.Improving drug utilization platform with injectable mucoadhesive hydrogel for treating ulcerative colitis[J].chemical engineering journal.424(2021)130464. (IF: 16.74)

        [3] Tong, L, et al. Milk-derived extracellular vesicles alleviate ulcerative colitis by regulating the gut immunity and reshaping the gut microbiota. Theranostics 2021, 11 (17), 8570-8586. DOI: 10.7150/thno.62046. (IF: 11.56)  

        [4] Feng X, et al. Yeast Microcapsule Mediated Natural Products Delivery for Treating Ulcerative Colitis through Anti-Inflammatory and Regulation of Macrophage Polarization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022 Jul 13;14(27):31085-31098. doi: 10.1021/acsami.2c05642. Epub 2022 Jun 30. PMID: 35770618. (IF: 10.38)  

        [5] Li X, et al. Discoidin domain receptor 1(DDR1) promote intestinal barrier disruption in Ulcerative Colitis through tight junction proteins degradation and epithelium apoptosis. Pharmacol Res. 2022 Sep;183:106368. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106368. Epub 2022 Jul 26. PMID: 35905891. (IF: 10.33)

        [6] Jingjing Gan, et al. Orally administrated nucleotide-delivery particles from microfluidics for inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Applied Materials Today, Volume 25, 2021, 101231. (IF: 10.04)

        [7] Gan J, et al. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Encapsulated Oral Microcapsules for Acute Colitis Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater. 2022 Sep;11(17):e2201105. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202201105. Epub 2022 Jun 30. PMID: 35737997. (IF: 9.93)

        [8] Dong J, et al. Oral microbiota affects the efficacy and prognosis of radiotherapy for colorectal cancer in mouse models. Cell Rep. 2021 Oct 26;37(4):109886. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109886. PMID: 34706245. (IF: 9.42)

        [9] Li Y, et al. Gut commensal derived-valeric acid protects against radiation injuries. Gut Microbes. 2020 Jul 3;11(4):789-806. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2019.1709387. Epub 2020 Jan 13. PMID: 31931652. (IF: 7.74)

        [10] Xu M, et al. Identification of Immune-Related Gene Signature and Prediction of CeRNA Network in Active Ulcerative Colitis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:855645. Published 2022 Mar 22. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.855645. (IF:7.56)

        [11] Wang S, et al. Isosteviol Sodium Exerts Anti-Colitic Effects on BALB/c Mice with Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis Through Metabolic Reprogramming and Immune Response Modulation. J Inflamm Res. 2021; 14:7107-7130. Published 2021 Dec 20. doi:10.2147/JIR.S344990. (IF:6.92)

        [12] Liu C, et al. Angelica oil restores the intestinal barrier function by suppressing S100A8/A9 signalling in mice with ulcerative colitis. Phytomedicine. 2023; 108:154490. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154490. (IF:6.66)

        [13] Wang S, et al. Isosteviol Sodium Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Chronic Colitis through the Regulation of Metabolic Profiling, Macrophage Polarization, and NF-κB Pathway. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022;2022:4636618. Published 2022 Jan 27. doi:10.1155/2022/4636618. (IF:6.54)

        [14] Li Z, et al. A tetrapeptide from maize combined with probiotics exerted strong anti-inflammatory effects and modulated gut microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice [published online ahead of print, 2022 Nov 14]. Food Funct. 2022;10.1039/d2fo02678c. doi:10.1039/d2fo02678c. (IF:6.32)

        [15] Jia X, et al. The potential mechanism of huazhuojiedu decoction in the treatment of ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1033874. Published 2022 Oct 14. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1033874. (IF:5.99)

        [16] Luo P, et al. Central administration of human opiorphin alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice through activation of the endogenous opioid system. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:904926. Published 2022 Sep 13. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.904926. (IF:5.99)

        [17] Zhang K, et al. Pharmacokinetic Study of Four Major Bioactive Components of Liandan Xiaoyan Formula in Ulcerative Colitis and Control Rats Using UPLC-MS/MS. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:936846. Published 2022 Jul 4. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.936846. (IF:5.99)

        [18] Yan G, et al. Immuno-PET Imaging of TNF-α in Colitis Using <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO-infliximab. Mol Pharm. 2022;19(10):3632-3639. doi:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00411. (IF:5.36)

        [19] Xiong X, et al. HuanglianGanjiang Tang alleviates DSS-induced colitis in mice by inhibiting necroptosis through vitamin D receptor. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;298:115655. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115655. (IF:5.19)

        [20] Zhu Y, et al. Endometrial Regenerative Cell-Derived Exosomes Attenuate Experimental Colitis through Downregulation of Intestine Ferroptosis. Stem Cells Int. 2022;2022:3014123. Published 2022 Aug 22. doi:10.1155/2022/3014123. (IF:5.13)

        Product Order

        Product Name

        Article Number

        Specification

        Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt (DSS), Colitis Grade MW:36000~50000

        60316ES25/60/76/80

        25 g/100 g/500 g/1 kg

        Azoxymethane (AOM)

        60751ES03/08/10

        1 mg/5 mg/10 mg

        MolPure® Stool DNA Kit

        18820ES08/50/70

        5 T/50 T/200 T

        MolPure® Mag48 Soil/Stool DNA Kit FA

        18528ES48

        48 T

        MolPure®Mag Soil/Stool DNA Kit

        18526ES20/50/70

        20 T/50 T/200 T

        Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining Kit

        60524ES60

        2×100 mL

        Urine Fecal Occult Blood Test Kit

        60403ES60

        100T

        Alcian Blue Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) Staining Solution

        60534ES50/60

        6×50 mL/6×100 mL/

        Inquiry